BAMAD no.21
Brit-Am
DNA and
Anthropology Updates
Updates in DNA studies along with Anthropological Notes of general interest with a particular emphasis on points pertinent to the study of Ancient Israelite Ancestral Connections to Western Peoples as explained in Brit-Am studies.
Brit-Am
Research
Revelation
Reconciliation
The Brit-Am Rose
Official Symbol of Brit-Am
BAMAD-21
Brit-Am Anthropology and DNA Update
Contents:
1. East-West cranial differentiation in
Central and Northern America
2. DNA in Baltic Region and Connections to Others
3. British humour
'dictated by genetics'
1. East-West cranial differentiation in
Central and Northern America
http://dienekes.blogspot.com/
Brit-Am Understanding: The Andes
Mountains extend the length of South America.
Skulls from west of the Andes are different from those east of it. The same
east-west pattern is observable amongst Amerindians in North America. The suggested explanation attributes this pattern
to a combination of genetical
and environmental factors.
In a recent study we found that crania from South Amerindian populations on each
side of the Andes differ significantly in terms of craniofacial shape. Western
populations formed one morphological group, distributed continuously over 14,000
km from the Fuegian archipelago (southern Chile) to the Zulia region
(northwestern Venezuela). Easterners formed another group, distributed from the
Atlantic Coast up to the eastern foothills of the Andes. This differentiation is
further supported by several genetic studies, and indirectly by ecological and
archaeological studies. Some authors suggest that this dual biological pattern
is consistent with differential rates of gene flow and genetic drift operating
on both sides of the Cordillera due to historical reasons. Here we show that
such East-West patterning is also observable in North America. We suggest that
the "ecological zones model" proposed by Dixon, explaining the spread of the
early Americans along a Pacific dispersal corridor, combined with the evolution
of different population dynamics in both regions, is the most parsimonious
mechanism to explain the observed patterns of within- and between-group
craniofacial variability.
2. DNA in Baltic Region and Connections
to Others
Migrations in the Baltic region inferred from Y chromosomes and mtDNA
http://dienekes.blogspot.com/
Brit-Am Understanding: I1a is a Nordic
Y(Male)
haplogroup.
It is also found in the Iberian (Spain and Portugal) Peninsula and it was
suggested to have originated there.
Dienekes
suggests that it came to Iberia much later with the Germanic invaders (Vandals,
Goths, etc). A Scandinavian origin whence it spread to Germany and Poland
suggested. Rare in Baltic States but found in Finland and Sweden. Finnish and
Swedish finds are different suggesting independent origins in both cases. Not only male I1a is found both in the North and in Iberia but also several several (MtDNA)
markers as well. Male N3 prominent in Finland and also found in Baltic States but Baltic finds have
their own distinguishing features. Baltic male R1a1 from Central Asia rather
than from Russia. Female mtDNA
indicate Lapps and Balts
related.
From the paper on Y-haplogroup I1a:
Haplogroup I1a is suggested to have its origins in the Iberian refugium, from
where it spread northward and now has its highest frequencies in Northern Europe
(Rootsi et al. 2004). The haplotype matches to Germany and Poland imply that I1a
has arrived to the Nordic countries from the Southern Baltic Sea region, which
is historically plausible. The coalescense age of the haplogroup is about 5000
years lower than the age of the earliest archaeological findings from the
Northern Baltic Sea region, which suggests a Neolithic arrival. There are two
possible migration routes from Central Europe to the Northern Baltic Sea region:
an exclusive western route via Sweden, an eastern route via the Baltic states,
or via both to Eastern Finland and Karelia (Fig. 5). The surprisingly high
diversities of I1a among the eastern Finnish and Baltic populations, and the
lack of association between the Western Finns and the Swedes in SAMOVA analysis
suggest that I1a has been involved in bifurcating migrations both via Sweden and
the Baltic states, and that the presence of the haplogroup in Finland and
Karelia is not merely due to Swedish influence. The low frequency of I1a among
the Baltic populations may be due to later effects of genetic drift or
replacement.
I am personally doubtful of the Iberian origin of Y-haplogroup I1a. Its presence
in Iberia and France, as well as its high diversity there may be the result of
migration from northern Europe, a genetic trace of the Germanic Volkerwanderung.
One certainly needs to consider this effect. There are probably a couple of
papers just waiting to be written by looking at Y-chromosomes of Germanic
descendants in Southwestern Europe by looking at either surnames or early
cemetaries.
With regard to Y-haplogroup N3:
The frequency distribution and age of haplogroup N3 in our study sample was
consistent with the earlier studies (Lahermo et al. 1999, Zerjal et al. 2001,
Tambets et al. 2004, Karlsson et al. 2006, Rootsi et al. 2007). According to the
YHRD database, the haplotypes most common in Finland and Karelia were relatively
unique, which is not unexpected, since data from most Eurasian populations where
N3 is common is not publicly available. It seems evident that the Finns and
Karelians share a history regarding haplogroup N3. In the database comparisons,
we also observed that N3 may mark a westward diffusion in the north from Finland
to Sweden and in the south from the Baltic countries to Poland and Germany.
The researchers also reiterated the previous idea of a dual origin of N3, as
shown in the figure, with different clades being represented in Finland and the
Baltic states, with Estonia being intermediate between the two.
With regard to Y-haplogroup R1a1:
It is plausible that both R1a1 and I1a were carried to the Baltic Sea region via
the same Neolithic migrations from Germany/Poland. The higher coalescence age
and the starlike network structure of R1a1 are consistent with the probable
higher diversity and frequency of R1a1 in the original source population(s), a
consequence of the wider geographical distribution of the haplogroup. It is an
important observation that in the Baltic Sea region R1a1 is mainly associated to
Central European rather than eastern or Russian influence. However, haplotype
frequency comparisons (Derenko et al. 2006, Willuweit & Roewer 2007) give some
indication of Russian gene flow as a partial source of R1a1 in Karelia, which
would be plausible given the long period of admixture with Slavs (Fig. 5).
However, the Y-chromosomal diversity in Karelia has been heavily affected by
drift and founder effects. Another haplogroup with eastern affinity is I1b (Rootsi
et al. 2004), whose presence in Karelia and the Baltic states is probably a sign
of Russian gene flow.
This is an important discovery, and a great first step in uncovering the
structure within this widespread haplogroup. Even though R1a1 Y-chromosomes were
studied in a lot of populations, including e.g., the Balkans, India, the Altai,
unfortunately we know next to nothing about its phylogenetic substructure.
Without such knowledge, R1a1 spread has been variously interpreted as a signal
of postglacial colonization, Kurgan expansions, or the spread of Slavic
languages.
Finally, the genetic legacy of the Saami is visible in mtDNA:
The eastern elements in the mtDNA variation of the Baltic Sea region are
intertwined with the Saami influence. Recent studies of the mtDNA variation
among the Saami show a link to the Volga-Ural region (Tambets et al. 2004,
Ingman & Gyllensten 2006), which is now shown to exist also among the Karelians
and, to a lesser degree, among the other populations from the Baltic Sea region
as well. Additionally, the presence of U4 in the Eastern Baltic Sea populations
may represent eastern influence, since it is typical for the Volga-Ural region (Bermisheva
et al. 2002). The high diversity of this haplogroup in the Baltic region,
observable in the haplotype network, suggests a complex history, and rules
genetic drift out as a cause of the high frequency. All in all, these mtDNA
haplogroups may be maternal reflections of the eastern influence that can be
most clearly observed in the Y-chromosomal haplogroup N3.
Annals of Human Genetics doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00429.x
Migration Waves to the Baltic Sea Region
T. Lappalainen et al.
In this study, the population history of the Baltic Sea region, known to be
affected by a variety of migrations and genetic barriers, was analyzed using
both mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosomal data. Over 1200 samples from Finland,
Sweden, Karelia, Estonia, Setoland, Latvia and Lithuania were genotyped for 18
Y-chromosomal biallelic polymorphisms and 9 STRs, in addition to analyzing 17
coding region polymorphisms and the HVS1 region from the mtDNA. It was shown
that the populations surrounding the Baltic Sea are genetically similar, which
suggests that it has been an important route not only for cultural transmission
but also for population migration. However, many of the migrations affecting the
area from Central Europe, the Volga-Ural region and from Slavic populations have
had a quantitatively different impact on the populations, and, furthermore, the
effects of genetic drift have increased the differences between populations
especially in the north. The possible explanations for the high frequencies of
several haplogroups with an origin in the Iberian refugia (H1, U5b, I1a) are
also discussed.
3. British
humour
'dictated by genetics'
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/global/main.jhtml?xml=/global/2008/03/10/noindex/nhumour110.xml&CMP=EMC-expat2008
by Andy Bloxham
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See also:
BAMAD Archives
DNA
DNA Refuted. The "Cohen Gene"
mtDNA
Y DNA
R1b The Western Japhet?? or not?
haplogroup I
Brit-Am DNA
THE PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF
THE HEBREW PEOPLES
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