Brit-Am
DNA and
Anthropology Updates
Updates in DNA studies along with Anthropological Notes of general interest with a particular emphasis on points pertinent to the study of Ancient Israelite Ancestral Connections to Western Peoples as explained in Brit-Am studies.
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Brit-Am Anthropology and DNA Update
Contents:
1. Relatively Few Vikings Actually
Settled in Ireland?
Nordic Family Names Mainly Irish Celtic by Ancestry?
2. Map of DNA in Europe
3. Map of DNA in Europe -More Discussion plus Maps
1. Relatively Few Vikings Actually
Settled in Ireland?
Nordic Family Names Mainly Irish Celtic by Ancestry?
The scale and nature of Viking settlement in Ireland from Y-chromosome admixture
analysis
Brian McEvoy1, Claire Brady1, Laoise T Moore1 and Daniel G Bradley1
http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v14/n12/abs/5201709a.html
Abstract
The Vikings (or Norse) played a prominent role in Irish history but, despite
this, their genetic legacy in Ireland, which may provide insights into the
nature and scale of their immigration, is largely unexplored. Irish surnames,
some of which are thought to have Norse roots, are paternally inherited in a
similar manner to Y-chromosomes. The correspondence of Scandinavian patrilineal
ancestry in a cohort of Irish men bearing surnames of putative Norse origin was
examined using both slow mutating unique event polymorphisms and relatively
rapidly changing short tandem repeat Y-chromosome markers. Irish and
Scandinavian admixture proportions were explored for both systems using six
different admixture estimators, allowing a parallel investigation of the impact
of method and marker type in Y-chromosome admixture analysis. Admixture
proportion estimates in the putative Norse surname group were highly consistent
and detected little trace of Scandinavian ancestry. In addition, there is scant
evidence of Scandinavian Y-chromosome introgression in a general Irish
population sample. Although conclusions are largely dependent on the accurate
identification of Norse surnames, the findings are consistent with a relatively
small number of Norse settlers (and descendents) migrating to Ireland during the
Viking period (ca. AD 800?1200) suggesting that Norse colonial settlements might
have been largely composed of indigenous Irish. This observation adds to
previous genetic studies that point to a flexible Viking settlement approach
across North Atlantic Europe.
2. Map of DNA in Europe
Shows Correspondence between type of DNA and where People Came From
while raising questions as to Geographic Influence on formation of DNA Types
themselves?
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ro2ijOk8JWc/SLs7sALkwoI/
AAAAAAAAATs/sa2Ig1gv31M/s1600-h/novembre.jpg
http://www.newscientist.com/channel/being-human/dn14631-human-geography-is-mapped-in-the-genes.html?feedId=online-news_rss20
##Novembre's very recent study fills in those gaps in 'Genes mirror
geography within Europe (2008)'
This clearly shows the correlation between genes and geography
measuring over 500,000 variable SNPs in each of 3000 individuals:##
Human geography is mapped in the genes
NewScientist.com news service
Ewen Callaway
The genes of a European person can be enough to pinpoint their ancestry down to
their home country, claim two new studies.
By reading single-letter DNA differences in the genomes of thousands of
Europeans, researchers can tell a Finn from a Dane and a German from a Brit. In
fact a visual genetic map mirrors the geopolitical map of the continent, right
down to Italy's boot.
"It tells us that geography matters," says John Novembre, a population
geneticist at the University of California, Los Angeles, who led one of the
studies. Despite language, immigration and intermarriage, genetic differences
between Europeans are almost entirely related to where they were born.
This, however, does not mean that the citizens of each European nation represent
miniature races. "The genetic diversity in Europe is very low. There isn't
really much," says Manfred Kayser, a geneticist at Erasmus University Rotterdam
in the Netherlands, who led the other study.
One-letter differences
Kayser's and Novembre's teams uncovered the gene-geography pattern only by
analysing hundreds of thousands of common gene variants called single nucleotide
polymorphisms (SNPs) across the genomes of people from about two dozen
countries. SNPs are places in the genome where one person's DNA might read A,
while another's T.
Though the teams worked independently, they used some of the same DNA samples,
which were gathered by the pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline to help hunt
for genes linked to drug side effects. The researchers recorded the results
alongside the country of origin for each subject as well as that of their
parents and grandparents when possible.
For each subject, the researchers decoded half a million SNPs. However, to get
an overall assessment of the difference between any two genomes, the researchers
used a mathematical trick that scrunched the hundreds of thousands of SNPs into
two coordinates, with each person's genome represented by a point. The greater
the distance between two points, the greater the difference in their genomes.
When both teams plotted thousands of genomes on a single graph along with their
country of origin, a striking map of Europe emerged. Spanish and Portuguese
genomes clustered "south-west" of French genomes, while Italian genomes jutted
"south-east" of Swiss.
These cardinal directions are artificial, but the spatial relationships between
genomes are not. In general, the closer together two people live, the more
similar their DNA. The same is known to be true of animals .
Predicting origins
The map was so accurate that when Novembre's team placed a geopolitical map over
their genetic "map", half of the genomes landed within 310 kilometres of their
country of origin, while 90% fell within 700 km.
Both teams found that southern Europeans boast more overall genetic diversity
than Scandinavians, British and Irish.
"That makes perfect sense with the major migration waves that went into Europe,"
says Kayser, noting Homo sapien's European debut 35,000 years ago, post-ice age
expansions 20,000 years ago, and movements propelled by the advent of farming
10,000 years ago. In each case, members of established southern populations
struck north.
"A pattern in which genes mirror geography is essentially what you would expect
from a history in which people moved slowly and mated mainly with their close
neighbours," says Noah Rosenberg, a geneticist at the University of Michigan in
Ann Arbor.
3. Map of DNA in Europe-More Discussion
plus Maps.
Scandinavian and German DNA in General
http://www.silobreaker.com/DocumentReader.aspx?Item=5_897676558
Genetic map of Europe; genes vary as a function of distance [Gene
Expression]
|
Map shows an almost exact correspondence between political boundaries and DNA types when
ALL DNA features are factored in and not just YDNA (male-transmited) or mtDNA (Female transmitted).
This is explained in quotations below from a discussion concerning the DNA of Scandinavia and Germany.
|
From: authurn2002 <harry@cpt.co.uk>
Subject: [Germanic-L] Re: Vikings germanic
One thing I forgot to mention is that there is no such thing as pure
germanic origin. Germans themselves have several main founding male
lineages and the geographic area of Germany has had several different
languages. This pattern is typical for most of western europe. Also,
even the same male lineages, such as R1a, came at different times.
Germany is influenced by R1a slavs, the Abrodites, the Sorbs etc and
several later settlements. Norway got its influx of R1a much earlier.
cheers
authun
As far as genetics is concerned, it depends on what genes one looks
at. Norway has a much higher frequency of R1a (27%) than Denmark or
Germany for example. R1a is passed down from father to son, unchanged,
and is very common amongst Slavs. In modern day germany, R1a is
attributed to various settlement phases dating back to the migration
period. However, in Norway, the migration of R1a is seen as much
older, though no one has attempted to put a date on it.
Sweden is distinguished by high levels of I1a (>33%) but only 1% R1a.
All countries have high levels of R1b, between 25% and 50% and a mix
of others.
What this means is that, as far as the male linegages are concerned,
the different countries were settled by, in the main, the same groups
but that each appears to have some component which is different from
the others. These events however go back far in time.
Another way of looking at DNA is to look at that passed down the
female line, mtDNA or to look at the aDNA, that is, the DNA that is
mixed from both father and mother. This is the majority of a person's
DNA, 45/46ths of it.
Recent studies which look at hundreds of thousands of variable SNPs,
rather than just a single SNP such as R1a or I1a, show a clustering of
scandinavia and germany. Thus, even if one has an R1a male ancestry,
there will be a lot which is similar to someone with an I1a ancestry,
most in fact. The link below clearly shows this. Finns, Balts, Slavs,
Hungarians, Italians, Iberians etc are all different. You can also see
that the German autosomes are broadly spread amongst the Swedes,
Norwegians and Danes, which means that there must have been
considerable contacts in the past.
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ro2ijOk8JWc/SLs7sALkwoI/
AAAAAAAAATs/sa2Ig1gv31M/s1600-h/novembre.jpg
cheers
authun
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