"Brit-Am Now"-315
Contents:
1. Searching For:
2. Brit-Am Publications
in Australia and New Zealand
3. Biblical Proof no 40. The Name Hebrew
4.
Hebrew Celtic Namesakes no.6: The Hebrew Celts
10-29-2003-(5764)
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3. Biblical Proof
no 40. The Name Hebrew
Abraham was a Hebrew:
[Genesis 14:13] AND THERE
CAME ONE THAT HAD ESCAPED, AND TOLD ABRAM THE
HEBREW; FOR HE DWELT IN THE
PLAIN OF MAMRE THE AMORITE, BROTHER OF
ESHCOL, AND BROTHER OF ANER: AND
THESE WERE CONFEDERATE WITH
ABRAM.
The Book of Jonah
relates how God told Jonah to go to the
major Assyrian city of Nineveh and
there prophesy that after 40 days it
would be overturned. This meant
according to the understanding of Jonah
that Nineveh would be destroyed.
Jonah did not want to go on this mission
and attempted to flee to Tarshish
in Spain. A storm arose at sea and the
sailors of his ship realized that a
supernatural power was causing it. They
threw lots and the result fell on
Jonah. Jonah told the seamen to cast him
overboard.
[Jonah 1:9] AND
HE SAID UNTO THEM, I AM AN HEBREW; AND I FEAR THE LORD, THE
GOD OF HEAVEN,
WHICH HATH MADE THE SEA AND THE DRY LAND.
Here we have the
name Hebrew connected with worship of the God
of Israel as if the two were
mutually relevant to each other. Jonah was a
Hebrew going to Tarshish in
Spain. Israelites from the Ten Tribes were
later exiled to Spain. They were
known as Iberi, or as Hiberi i.e. as
Hebrews. From Spain the Hiberi
(Hebrews) moved onwards into Gaul and the
British Isles. The Celtic
inhabitants of Britain were all referred to as
Iberi, or Hiberi, or Iberni
(meaning Hebrews) by themselves and by others
(such as Ptolemy) and the name
Iberi (i.e. Hebrew) very frequently occurs
in ethnic and place-names of the
Western Celtic peoples. Hibernian still
means Irish. The Iberian Peninsula
(Spain and Portugal) was named after the
Iberi Hebrews who once dwelt there
but later left moving to Gaul and Britain.
The crew in Jonah's
ship made another futile attempt to
continue against the storm after which
they reluctantly threw Jonah into
the sea. A fish (whale or other
sea-creature) swallowed Jonah and after
three days spew him out onto the
shore. He went to Nineveh and prophesied
and the people did penitence and
were forgiven and no disaster occurred (at
that time) to the
city.
Incidentally the peoples who later came westward from
Scythia and
Germania and who were also Israelites were referred to by the
Romans as
Barbari. This term is generally taken to be a negative expression
meaning
that they were barbarians and uncivilized in Roman eyes.
Nevertheless the
term according to some originally had ethnic connotations.
The Hebrews in
the Ancient Middle East (according to the Encyclopedia
Judaica) were known
as Iberi and as Barbari.
There is an interesting
article at
http://www.world-destiny.org/toc.htm]
(Victor
Mair PART II ---THE IBERI CONNECTION) concerning the name Iberi
(Hebrew) in
ancient times.
We do not necessarily agree with this article but for those
who want more
background information concerning this name it is worth
reading.
Concerning the root Iberi amongst the Celts see the next entry,
"Celtic
Namesakes".
4. Hebrew Celtic Namesakes no.6: The Hebrew
Celts
THE HEBREWS OF BRITAIN
Amongst Celtic names of
importance was that of "EBER" (meaning
Hebrew) examples of which are found
spread throughout the Celtic world. The
Celtic settlers of Britain and
Ireland referred to themselves as "Hiberi"
or "Iberi" as may be seen in from
the Geography of PTOLEMY and from Irish
Mythology.
EBER: In the country of the Parissi was the city of York
called Eboracum by
the British, Ireland was called Hibernia, and there were
the Hebrides
Islands and numerous places in Gaul and other Celtic areas
whose names
contained the root "eber" meaning Hebrew.
In
addition,
"...there were twenty or more places in Wales, the
names of
which begin with another form of the name Eber Aber such as
Aberystwyth and
Aberdare. In Scotland we find Aberdeen, Aberfoyle, Aberdour,
Aberargie,
Abruthven and several others" Bennett
p.114.
Celtic Mythology and toponomy is replete with
Hebraic names
many of which were recorded long before the Christian era when
the Celts
were still pagans and therefore cannot be ascribed to extraneous
influences:
The Iberi (Hiberi) had once been in Spain and
due to them the
North African natives who invaded Spain after them and drove
them out were
in turn called Iberi (Iberians) by the Greeks and
Romans.
An additional proof for ascribing the original
application of
the name HEBERto the Celts is the fact that Celtic peoples
such as the
Gaelics of Britain and Ireland called themselves Iberi. These
people had
been in Spain at the time when the name Heber or Iber was first
applied to
regions and rivers there and they had been driven out to Gaul and
the
British Isles where numerous additional place and ethnic names received
the
appellation HEBER and its cognates. This name is considered typically
Celtic and an indication of Celtic presence (de Rougemont p.102, Hubert
p.288).
Later application of the term Iberianto the Spaniards is a
misnomer.
Names containing the root "HEBER" meaning Hebrew
are found
throughout the Celtic sphere of influence especially in its
western section
of Gaul and Britain:
Examples of place
names containing this root in places
somehow or other regarded as those of a
sometime Celtic presence are
multitudinous and include Yboracum the original
name of York, Hibernia the
name of Ireland, the Hebrides, and numerous
others, see below.
The denomination "HEBREW" as applicable
to ISRAELITE in
distinction to foreigners is found in the Book of Jonah:
Jonah the prophet
had been commanded by God to go and call upon the
inhabitants of the
Assyrian capital city Nineveh to repent. Jonah did not
want to help the
Assyrians so he attempted to flee the Holy Land which place
is most
conducive to Prophecy, whereas outside of the Land the Divine
Presence
makes Itself less palpable. He went to the port of Jaffo on the
coast and
took a ship headed for Tarshish. A supernatural storm arose and
after
casting lots the sailors realised that their ship was endangered due
to
Jonah's presence. The men of the ship asked Jonah:
"Whence comest thou? what is thy country and of what people
art thou" (Jonah
1;8).
Jonah answered:
"I AM AN HEBREW; AND I FEAR THE LORD,
THE GOD OF HEAVEN, WHICH
HATH MADE THE SEA AND THE DRY LAND" (Jonah
1;9).
"Hebrew" in the Bible is synonymous with Israelite.
There were Twelve Israelite Tribes and Welsh tradition listed
Twelve
different peoples who invaded Britain. Representatives of all the
Israelite
Tribes do seem to have settled within the British Isles though
the
dominating elements belonged to the Tribes of Joseph, Ephraim and
Manasseh
and eventually especially of Ephraim since much of Manasseh later
emigrated
to North America.
In Celtic sources many names are similar to Hebrew
ones.
Examples of Celtic names (with suggested Hebrew equivalents in
brackets) are:
Semoni (Simeon), Nemed (i.e. "Separated" equals "Peresh"
in Hebrew), Macha
(Maacha), Galedon (Gilead), Iar (Yair), Dana (Dan), Don
(Dan), Balor
(Baal), Bile (Baal), Briga (Beriah), Oriel (Oriel), Etain
(Aitan), Manaanan
(Manoah), Gall (Gil, Galil), Tara (Atara), Aesus (Esau =
Phoenecian Esus),
Bochra (Becher), Lamech (Lamech), Britan (Brit), lnbual
(Anbel, Inbel),
Icen (Jachin), Isac (Isaac), Tamar (Tamar), Isc (Isaac),
Isaca (Isaac),
Conn (Canaan).
Another name of significance in our
study is "Hyperborean" meaning
"Northern Hebrew" and this appellation was
applied to the Celts of Britain.
Celtic Names from the root Iber meaning
Hebrew:
Ybora: mouth of Halys River in Anatolia (Turkey), place of a
Galatian colony.
Hebros River: in Thrace, scene of Celtic
presence.
Iberia: in the Caucasus, north of Assyria, legendary area of
exiled
Israelite Ten Tribes re settlement, cultural connections with the
proto-Celts.
Ibernia: name for Spain derived from the original Iberians
who accepted
Celtic culture and migrated to the west and
north.
Hibernia: name for Ireland.
Iberni in southwest
Ireland.
Ibnerni Ocean east of Ireland.
Hebrides: islands off the
northwest coast of Scotland, a Celtic
region. Menasseh ben Israel spoke of
an early Hebrew inscription having
been discovered on the
Hebrides.
Eboracum: A Celtic name for the city of York in north England.
York gave
its name to the North American city of New York where there are
reportedly
more people of Jewish extraction (mainly from the tribe of Judah)
than in
the modern State of Israel!
Eburodunum: also known as Embrun
in the French Alps of ancient Gaul.
Evorolocum: in Auvergne,
Gaul.
Eborobritum: Beira, Gaul, note the combination of Brit (Briton)
with EBER.
Eborovices: Evreux, in Gaul
Eborobriga: Yonne, in
Gaul.
Eboromagus: (in the region of Aude, in Gaul) also known as
"Hebromagus" and
close to Narbonne in southern France an historically
significant center in
many ways.
Eborodunum: Yverdon, in Switzerland,
once dominated by the Celtic Tribe of
Helveti.
Eboresheim, Eporestal,
Eburingen: all Celtic place names in Germany. The
Galatian Celts were once
based in west central Germany but were driven out.
Note the Semitic
interchange of "p" for "b" as in Eporestal.
Eburones: a Celtic people who
once dwelt between the Main and Rhine rivers.
[The Heber root name
examples above have been culled from: de Rougemont
p.102, Hubert-2 p.125,
Markale p.308.]
Some Sources
BENNET, W. H. Symbols of Our
Celto-Saxon Heritage.England, 1976
DE ROUGEMONT, FREDERIC. "L'Age de
Bronze, ou Les Semites en Occident",
Paris, 1866.
HUBERT, HENRI. "The
Rise Of The Celt", trans. By M.R. Dodrie, London 1934.
HUBERT, HENRI.
"The Greatness And Decline Of The Celts". London 1934.
MARKALE, J. "Les
Celts", Paris, 1970.
MARKALE, J. "Celtic Civilisation", Paris, 1970,
trans.1978.
5. The Chinese in US before Columbus?
Review by
CHEAH BOON KHENG
http://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=/2003/10/26/features/6537276&sec=features
Brit-Am
Note: From our perspective whether or not the Chinese did sail all
over the
place at one stage
may be of interest but it is not directly petinent to our
subject matter.
What is important is that these studies
incidentally
indicate that the Western and Ancient World (including the
Phoenicians and
Hebrews) may well have also
been acquainted with America, Australia, and so
on. This is of some
significance for us.
Extracts
Only
1421
The Year China Discovered the World
By Gavin
Menzies
Publisher: Bantam Press, 520 pages
IN this 520-page
best-seller, 1421: The Year China Discovered the World,
Gavin Menzies, a
British ex-submarine commander turned-historian, attempts
to rewrite some
500 years of accepted world history.
He puts forward a new theory that
15th century Chinese Admiral Zheng Hes
fleet of 100 gigantic ships beat
Christopher Columbus to America by 72
years and circumnavigated the globe a
century before Ferdinand Magellan.
This is what is known to historians as
alternative history.
Menzies claims further that Zheng Hes ships explored
the coasts of west
Africa, South America and North America, Australia and
Antartica. They even
sailed into the Caribbean and went up as far as
California. On the east
coast of North America the ships sailed up to Rhode
Island and even to
Greenland, sometimes planting Chinese colonies along the
way.
The theory is backed up with four types of evidence:
1)
several Chinese star charts and maps and those used by European
explorers
(including Columbus) when they started their voyages decades later;
2)
ancient Chinese artefacts, such as lighthouses and lacquerware, and
flora
and fauna (maize, Chinese roses, coconuts and sweet potatoes) that
were
allegedly transported by the Chinese to and from North and South
America and
some Atlantic islands;
3) remains of wrecks of gigantic Chinese ships
allegedly found in Australia
and the Caribbean and ancient Chinese anchors
in California; and
4) cultural, social and even possible DNAlinks between
Chinese and American
Indians in California, Rhode Island and other
communities in South America,
and the aborigines in Australia.
Based
on 14 years of investigations, Menziestheory has caused a stir among
historians, many of whom, however, are not convinced by him. A few
individuals have described him as a fantasist and the writer of a
historical novel. There is even a web-site debunking his theory. Skepticism
has been raised over his research methods and lack of sufficient supporting
evidence. Even in Beijing a few Chinese historians demurred.
Menzies
relies heavily on several 15th century European charts and maps to
trace the
Chinese journeys, in the belief that these must have been derived
from
earlier Chinese expeditions. Repeatedly he asserts that Vasco da Gama,
Magellan, Columbus and the European explorers of the New World were
carrying copies of Chinese maps.
These maps and charts, he claims,
must have come from Chinese charts that
somehow had found their way to
Venice as early as in 1428 and then to
Portugal.
This is the most
controversial part of Menziesnew theory. Unfortunately, he
provides no proof
to link these European and Chinese charts and maps with
one another. None of
the European charts and maps ever mentions Chinese
influence,
either.
What he does establish is that a 1428 Portuguese chart, which
shows Africa,
Australia, South America and various islands, is drawn in
remarkably
accurate detail. It even shows the Cape of Good Hope, which the
Portuguese
did not sail around until the end of the 15th
century.
Aboriginal legends and cave carvings depicting foreigners
arriving by ships
in white garments, the groups of mysterious stone
buildings and the votive
offerings, according to Menzies, produce powerful
if not yet conclusive
evidence that a large Chinese fleet visited southeast
Australia in the 15th
century.
What Menzies has presented are some
interesting gems such as that Columbus
and Magellan were really not the
first European explorers to have gone to
the Caribbean or South America. His
close examination of the 1428 and 1495
Portuguese maps and charts shows that
earlier Portuguese seamen (whose
names are unknown) had been there before
them. He also establishes
convincingly that Puerto Rico had already been a
Portuguese colony by 1440,
some 52 years before Columbus set sail for the
New World.
His study of Chinese global voyaging has provided us with new
insights on
the ancient shipwrecks found off the coasts of North and South
America and
off Australia and New Zealand. They present challenges to
archaeologists
and historians to answer the questions that he has
raised.
http://www.britam.org
http://www.geocities.com/hiberi
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