Proving the Identity of the Lost Tribes of Israel
by Yair Davidiy
PART TWO

# 27: BULL-CALF AEGEL

The isles should be aware that God will gather in the scattered ones of Israel (Jeremiah 31:10). Rachel (the mother of Joseph) will no longer have to weep over the exile of her children for they will return (31:15-16). Ephraim (Jeremiah 31:18) is called a bullock or young bull:

[Jeremiah 31:18]
"I HAVE SURELY HEARD EPHRAIM BEMOANING HIMSELF THUS; THOU HAST CHASTISED ME, AND I WAS CHASTISED, AS A BULLOCK [Hebrew: AEGEL] UNACCUSTOMED TO THE YOKE: TURN THOU ME, AND I SHALL BE TURNED; FOR THOU ART THE LORD MY GOD."

In Hebrew Bullock is aegel. Historically this very name "Aegel" was a diminutive (favorite nickname) for the ethnic term "Angle". The Angles gave England (i.e. Angle-land) its name. Together with the Saxons, Jutes, Vandals, and others the Angles conquered from the Celts the land that was later named England.  The Angles were also called Aegels. The appellations Angle and Aegel were employed interchangeably. The Hebrew word for young bull is "Aegel".  Rashi (Rabbi Shlomo Yistchaki 1040-1105 CE) was the foremost Medieval Jewish Commentator. In commentating on this verse (Jeremiah 31;18) Rashi states that the Hebrew word Aegel (Young Bull) was a name applied to Ephraim. This was another name applied to the English. The English now nickname themselves "John Bull".  Since the early 1800s the figure of John Bull  has been used to portray Britain in political cartoons. John Bull  parallels Uncle Sam who represents the USA.

The English (Angles) were also known as Aegels. The names Aegel and Angle appear to have been interchangeable. In Hebrew they could be two alternative ways of pronouncing the same word.  For example, in old Ashkenazic (European) Hebrew the ayin could have a  an  sound instead of the usual a, thus Yankel was a nickname for someone called Yakov, with the Ya- in Yacov being pronounced as  Yan. Similarly Aegel and Angel could originally have both been different forms of the Hebrew Aegel.

England (Angle-land) was named after the Angles. Angle is another form for Aegel and aegel  was a nick-name for Ephraim. Aegel means young bull.

This is an important point: The verse (Jeremiah 31:18) is strongly indicating that the English (Angles) are to be identified with Ephraim.

Concerning Joseph, Moses commented:

[Deuteronomy 33:17]
"HIS GLORY IS LIKE THE FIRSTLING OF HIS BULL".

      Ephraim shall return.
# 28: Nobility

 [Jeremiah 31:20]
"IS EPHRAIM MY DEAR SON? IS HE A PLEASANT CHILD? FOR SINCE I SPAKE AGAINST HIM, I DO EARNESTLY REMEMBER HIM STILL: THEREFORE MY BOWELS ARE TROUBLED FOR HIM; I WILL SURELY HAVE MERCY UPON HIM, SAITH THE LORD."

<EPHRAIM MY DEAR SON. Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: [the word Ephraim means] someone who grew up in a palace [i.e. a noble]. Rabbi Yehoshua ben Nachman said: [the word Ephraim means] a master and governor. Said Rabbi Pinchas, our forefather Jacob when he passed away coronated Ephraim with a crown and made him the head of the tribes, the chief of the assembly, the most handsome and exalted of my descendants will be called by his name.>> (YaYikra Rabah 2;3).

This Midrash refers to the fact that the very name Ephraim connotes nobility (as explained at length in our work Ephraim) whereas Menasseh connotes representative Accountable Democracy. Ephraim dominates Britain and Menasseh is prevalent in the USA. Ephraim (nobility, the aristocratic principle of government) still prevails in Britain whereas the democratic Principle is paramount in the USA.

See our book, "Ephraim" where we have spoken at great length on this issue.

# 29: Representative Democracy

In Biblical Proof  no. 28: Nobility we saw how the name Ephraim and Ephrathi (meaning someone from Ephraim) connoted nobility as pertaining to Britain. On the other hand the name Manasseh pertains to Democratic Responsible Representation as endorsed by the USA.

[Genesis 41:51]
"AND JOSEPH CALLED THE NAME OF THE FIRSTBORN MANASSEH: FOR GOD, SAID HE, HATH MADE ME FORGET ALL MY TOIL, AND ALL MY FATHER'S HOUSE."

Adapted and summarized from Joseph

MANASSEH

THE NAME "MENASSEH" IN HEBREW ENCAPSULATES THE MEANING OF NORTH AMERICAN DEMOCRACY!

             The Patriarch Joseph son of Israel had two sons, Ephraim and Menasseh, whose names testified to aspects of their national destiny:

            (Genesis 41;50-51)
 "AND UNTO JOSEPH WERE BORN TWO SONS BEFORE THE YEARS OF FAMINE CAME, WHICH ASENATH THE DAUGHTER OF POTIPHERA PRIEST OF ON BARE UNTO HIM.

 "AND JOSEPH CALLED THE NAME OF THE FIRSTBORN MANASSEH: FOR GOD HAS CAUSED ME TO FORGET [Hebrew: Nashani] ALL MY TROUBLES AND MY FATHER'S FAMILY."

Rabbi Hirsch (in free translation) says:

[Genesis 41;51:`.."Forget" is not the only meaning of "Nosheh". "Nosheh" also means: to be the bearer of a claim, to be a creditor.

 [Genesis 32;33:]`"Nosheh" ...to have body or property in another's trust. Thus the "NoSHeH" (Creditor) has passed to another person part of his property and as a result he demands something from him...a woman in the singular [Hebrew: "Ishah"] ... compliments (her husband) and stands by his side as an equal. In the plural [i.e. in the plural name for women, "NoSHim"], however, is revealed the communal status of woman. The woman surrenders some of her rights to the man and these rights are represented by him. Only in the mass, in the life of the general whole group, do women reveal themselves as weak and lacking resourcefulness. Women, however, are "Noshim" (i.e. "creditors") with a claim [to be represented] on the husband who owes it to them [S.R. Hirsch on Genesis 32;33].

Explanation: In Hebrew a man is  "ISH" and a woman is "Ishah" i.e. the feminine form of "ish" (man) is apparently "ishah" i.e. "woman". The normal feminine plural form is formed by adding the suffix "oth" and so the plural of "ishah" ("woman") should be "ishoth" but it is not so. Contrary to the usual format, the plural form of "ishah" in Hebrew is "noshim" which appears identical to the plural form of "Nosheh" and therefore may be understood to mean "creditors" and upon this anomaly Rabbi Hirsch based his interpretation.

 Rabbi Hirsch was basing himself on the assumption of Hebrew Law in which women were not counted in the aggregate as separate entities but as being represented by their husbands. They were therefore in sense electors of their husbands who represent them and are responsible to and for them. Rabbi Hirsch finds this same principle repeated in the use made of the name Manasseh which he says is derived from the same root-word. Manasseh  in Hebrew is Manasheh and is built up from the word components Ma-Nasheh. Noshe  means to have a claim on the responsibility of another, or have a claim for representation: MaNasseh can mean make a representative responsible for;  OR Menasseh  as a noun or name can mean the principle of responsible representation.

The relevant verse regarding the name MENASSEH, Genesis 41;51, says:

<<And Joseph called the name of the firstborn Manasseh: For God has caused me to forget [Hebrew: Nashani] all my troubles and my father's family (Genesis 41;50-51).

  S.R. Hirsch on the above states that "nashani" does not mean "forget" in case of the name "Menasseh" (Genesis 41;51 continued) but rather delegated representation:

 In the light of the above observations and the Commentary of Rabbi S.R. Hirsch, the verse (Genesis 41;512) may be reformulated  and understood as saying:

 "And he called the name of the firstborn Menasseh: for of all my troubles and [loss of] my father's family, God has made representative agents  [Hebrew: "nashani"=] acting on my behalf and to whom I am obliged"*.

* It should be remarked that in Hebrew a word root can connote both a direct action and its reversal. "Nasheh" can imply putting something of one's own in the domain of someone else and therefore having a claim on that person or alternately "nosheh" connotes the claim others have on oneself. The form "Menasseh"  is a name indicating "nosheh" more in the affirmative active manner of making responsible representation for oneself.

"MENASSEH" actually means "RESPONSIBLE REPRESENTATION OBLIGATING THE REPRESENTED"!

The American War of Independence began over the principle of: 'No Taxation Without Representation!', and the American system and life-style and ethical system is built on this principle. Only the USA attaches such significance to these principles since only for Manasseh are they part of its very being.

# 30: Dolmen

Jeremiah  (31;21) refers to dolmens which are large stones set table fashion over others and often covered by large piles of rocks and stone. The dolmens and other related stone monuments form a connecting link between Israel, Britain, West France, and Scandinavia. More dolmens (over 5000!) have been found in Denmark than in any other country. On the other hand the oldest dolmens are believed to be those of Israel. More than 20,000 megalithic monuments of all types (including dolmens) have been found in the Land of Israel especially on the eastern "Jordanian" side since for various reasons those on the west were destroyed by local inhabitants. The verse in effects links dolmens  with Ephraim.

[Jeremiah 31:21]
"SET THEE UP WAYMARKS, MAKE THEE HIGH HEAPS: SET THINE HEART TOWARD THE HIGHWAY, EVEN THE WAY WHICH THOU WENTEST: TURN AGAIN, O VIRGIN OF ISRAEL, TURN AGAIN TO THESE THY CITIES."

Hofman (Olam HaTanach): <<The Prophet calls upon the Exiles to indicate with special signs their pathway into Exile, in order that they may quickly return to the land by the path they went in. This method of marking a pathway is practiced unto this day & How would they know to find the way in Biblical Times? How would they describe the way of journey or the border line? It appears that in Biblical times to was accepted practice to make note of prominent features &>>

Abarbanel: <<The prophet therefore spoke concerning the Kingdom of Israel [of the Ten Tribes] SET THEE UP WAYMARKS saying that when you g into Exile make signs by the routes and waymarks like piles of rocks [i.e. cairns] or stone monuments [Hebrew: Matzavah, i.e. dolmen] so that you may set your heart to the route and remember in order that you may return in the way you went in, return to your city.>>

The WAYMARKS the Prophet is referring to were megalithic monuments. These monuments we believe were set up by Israelites and we have some proof for this belief. Even however if the monuments in question were not set up by Israelites but had existed previously the fact remains that they happened to all lie along the path of Israelite migration westward. It is this fact that Jeremiah is telling the Israelites (i.e. he is telling us) to take note of.

The word translated above as "WAYMARKS" in the original Hebrew is "Tzionim" which strictly speaking means "signs" but in spoken Hebrew is usually used to denote a stone erection marking a grave or event.
The most literal explanation of this verse amongst the Classical Authoritative Rabbinical Commentators is that given by the "Radak" (Rabbi David Kimchi, 1157-1236) of Narbonne, France. The Radak says:

 "SET YOURSELF UP WAYMARKS" (Jeremiah 31): This was directed to the Community of Israel, that in the generation when they would be exiled they should set up waymarks [i.e. "tsionim"] such as PILED-UP STONES OR STONE MONUMENTS. The purpose of these monuments was to mark the paths [of migration for the sake of future recognition]. The meaning was to say that even though you will be exiled, hope is not lost and you are still destined to return to these your cities. "MAKE YOURSELF HIGH HEAPS" [Hebrew: "tamrurim"]. The same message is repeated though the wording is changed since both "tamrurim" [i.e. "high heaps"] and "tsionim" (i.e. "waymarks") connote elevated-height [from the root "tamar"]...

Bearing in mind that according to the previous verse (31;20) Jeremiah is addressing himself to Ephraim, the verse in Jeremiah 31;21 may therefore be understood to say:
Jeremiah 31:21
"Set yourself up stone monuments [menhirs, dolmens] and high heaps of stones [cairns] [i.e. Megalithic monuments!]. Set your heart towards the prepared way: The way in which you went. Turn back o virgin of Israel, return unto these cities of yours."

The mode of expression employed by the Prophet should be understood differently from that used by Moses. When Moses gave a
commandment it had to be obeyed. When the prophets issue an order concerning future action it means they are predicting what will happen. They are telling us what must be learned from this action. Jeremiah is saying that (for whatever reason) the exiled Israelites will have stone monuments set up. Through these monuments Jeremiah predicts that it will be possible in the future to learn of the Israelite paths of migration away from the Land of Israel.  Once this is learned it will serve as a means by which they may be persuaded to return. The inferred commandment to the exiles to erect "Tsionim" is therefore applicable to the dolmens and other so called "Stone Age" ("Megalithic") monuments. Many of these monuments date from the Bronze and Iron Age periods. They are mentioned in the Bible as being set up by the Hebrew Patriarchs and Judges as well as by others.

The ancient Israelites were always familiar with bronze and iron utensils but it should be noted that in some cases the use of stone
only was enforced. An altar had to be erected of whole unhewn stones (Exodus 20;22); "An altar of whole stones over which no man hath lift up any iron" (Joshua 8;31). Joshua was commanded to circumcise Israelites born in the wilderness with "knives of flint" (Joshua 5;2-3). The Hebrew has "Charvoth Tsurim" which the KJ imprecisely translates as "sharp knives". "Tsur" means flint or sharp stone.

 Dolmens and related monuments are found in the Land of Israel, in Jordan, in the Caucasus, in Spain, Brittany (France), Britain, and Scandinavia.

There are several types of dolmens and examples have also been reported from Ethiopia, Japan and India. Eastern dolmens are somewhat different from those of Israel and the west. Even so in India the dolmens are linked with legends of green-eyed Vikings and with the Lost Ten Tribes. The type of dolmen found in the area of ancient Israel (on both sides of the Jordan River) is the same as that found in Western Europe:

 "The megalithic dolmens found in the Golan and Galilee are table like structures composed of two vertical basalt blocks roofed by large rock slabs. A heap of stones usually covered the dolmens, creating a tumulus. Such structures are known in Transjordan from the Chalcolithic period, but in the Golan and Galilee they definitely date to EB [i.e. Early Bronze] IV /MB [Middle Bronze] I...These dolmens recall similar megalithic burial structures known throughout Europe in the Bronze Age, but the significance of this resemblance is unclear". A. MAZAR, Archaeology of the Land of the Bible, U.S.A. 1990.    p.160.

The conventional dating applied in Europe to dolmens and the like is too early. Most Megaltihic monuments in Western Europe were erected in the Late Bronze or Early Iron Age after the Israelites had been exiled. People of Israelite origin erected them! In archaeological and historical studies of Western Europe dolmens are associated with the Celtic Druids. Wherever Celts and Druids were found together, so too, were there dolmens.

 Iron age artifacts are frequently found together with or in the vicinity of dolmens. Iron was largely introduced to Europe after 700 BCE with the coming of the Celts. Some of the Israelite groups used bronze tools, some reverted to stone-age ones (as did the Dutch Boers in South Africa in the 1700s), but on the whole the migrating Israelites may be associated with iron.

Through Dolmens a good case may be made for tracing the migrations of the Lost Ten Tribes to Western Europe. The quoted verse of Jeremiah may well be understood in this sense.

 The word "Tamrurim" used by Jeremiah (translated here as "high heaps") in Modern Hebrew is the word used for "Traffic sign" or
"wayfare indicator". WAYMARKS, as noted, equal dolmens. The verse (Jeremiah 31;12) may therefore in the Hebrew be understood further as saying:

"Establish waymarks [i.e. "Tsionim" =dolmens] for yourself, set up for yourself high-heaps [i.e. cairns, "Tamrurim" = wayfare markers]: put your heart [i.e. pay attention] to the pathways you went by and return, O virgin of Israel, come back to these cities of yours.

Some understand the above verse in a partly figurative sense but taken literally according to the Radak (Kimchi) it means that a trail of megalithic monuments should be traceable along the paths of migration as indeed it is. Megalithic Monuments begin in the land of Israel on both sides of the Jordan. They have offshoots of uncertain nature into Asia but exact reproductions are fund in the Caucasus, in Bulgaria, in Spain, West France, the Netherlands, Scandinavia, Britain, and Ireland. They describe two main migratory paths from Israel to Western Europe. These paths show us how the Lost Ten Tribes left their land and where they went to. Jeremiah
the Prophet transmits the command of God telling us to take heed of the paths we went in, the monuments we set up, and the way leading back to the cities of our forefathers in the Land of Israel.

[Jeremiah 31:22]
HOW LONG WILT THOU GO ABOUT, O THOU BACKSLIDING DAUGHTER? FOR THE LORD HATH CREATED A NEW THING IN THE EARTH, A WOMAN SHALL COMPASS A MAN.

Abarbanel on this verse says it refers to the Ten Tribes who at first would be weak like a woman but later would gain strength like a man and overcome the Gentiles.

Radak: <<A WOMAN SHALL COMPASS A MAN: It is the way of the world that a man goes after and hangs around a woman, as the sages said: Someone who has lost something seeks after what he is lacking. Here the female goes after and around the man, that is the Children of Israel will repent and return to their God who will redeem them>>.

The expression A WOMAN SHALL COMPASS A MAN is considered an allegory to the Children of Israel attempting to return to God, as if Israel is symbolized by a female wooing her man who is the God of Israel. For the last few years I have been studying the Book of Jeremiah in a weekly class given by Rabbi Mordecai Machles in Jerusalem. Rabbi Machles has pointed out that today it
is becoming acceptable for a female to initiate courtship with a male. In the past this was unthinkable. Rabbi Machles suggests that this development is connected with the expression in Jeremiah, A WOMAN SHALL COMPASS A MAN, and that this is a sign that the prophecies of Jeremiah are about to be fulfilled.

A WOMAN SHALL COMPASS A MAN: In Hebrew it can be said to mean that a woman shall surround a man. The Rabbis said (Yebamot 62) that a person should get married. Every one without a wife dwells without happiness; without blessing, without goodness etc. In Israel they said, without Torah, without a wall [to protect him from temptation] as it says, A WOMAN SHALL COMPASS A MAN.

On a symbolic level this verse has been applied to the Lost Ten Tribes who will initiate an approach to Judah to which Judah will reply. Brit-Am serves as a connecting link between Judah and Joseph. If you agree with the goals of Brit-Am send us an offering to enable us to go forward.

We repeat:
The exhortation in Jeremiah:

[Jeremiah 31:21]
SET THEE UP WAYMARKS, MAKE THEE HIGH HEAPS: SET THINE HEART TOWARD THE HIGHWAY, EVEN THE WAY WHICH THOU WENTEST: TURN AGAIN, O VIRGIN OF ISRAEL, TURN AGAIN TO THESE THY CITIES.

This refers specifically to the so-called megalithic monuments such as dolmens BUT in general it also means that those who have been called out of the Lost Ten Tribes and have become aware of Brit-Am truth are commanded to support historical research (including archaeological reports, etc) that confirm this truth. These too, are waymarks that must be set up as evidence.

# 31, 32, 33: Egypt, Africa, and India

These proofs are listed together since they are recalled in the same passage in Isaiah and historically connected. For more details (than those given below) please see our book, Joseph.

31. Egypt
Egypt shall be subjected to Israel. The Suez Canal will be under Israelite control

32. Africa  
Israel will rule over a large part of Africa and cause slaves from Africa to be carried over in chains to Israelite lands

33. India
Israel will rule India and benefit from trade with India.

Israel Will Rule Over Egypt, Africa, and India

Egypt shall be subjected to Israel. Cush (translated as Ethiopiabut also applicable according to the Aramaic translation and related tradition to India and its neighborhood. Black Africa (Seba) will be yours.

The Ten Northern Tribes were exiled by the Assyrians. Later, the Babylonians under Nebuchadnessar, conquered Judah and Jerusalem and exiled the Jews to Babylon. Cyrus, the king of Persia, conquered Babylon and allowed the Jews of Judah to return.  Isaiah (44:28) mentioned the name of Cyrus even though he prophesied close to 200 years before his time. The Prophecies of Isaiah concerning Cyrus on the whole fit the Persian king of that name though here and there they divert from him on some important points. These prophecies also tend to go off on a tangent, speak of Cyrus and then in the same breath speak about the future of Israel. The Rabbis interpreted the prophecies about Cyrus to pertain to a future Messianic being of whom the Persian King Cyrus was a kind of partial prototype. President Truman who assisted the Jews in creating the present State of Israel once declared to a visiting delegation, 'I am Cyrus'. This interpretation fits the message of Scripture. Isaiah begins by speaking about Cyrus and then he addresses himself to Israel. He (45:14) predicts that whatever passes via (Hebrew yigia translated as labor but really meaning come unto) Egypt, and the merchandise of Cush (India not Ethiopia as translated in the King James), shall be yours and the tall Sabaean African Negroes will pass over unto you in chains. In the end they will acknowledge that God is with you. There is no other. Previously, Isaiah (43:3) predicted that Cush (India) and Seba, (Black Africa), would be subjected to Israel. Isaiah (43:3 and 45:14 and the verses around them) predicted that the Lost Ten Tribes would rule over India, Egypt and much of Negro Africa. The trade with India would be theirs, the recompense arriving (via the Suez Canal) at Egypt would be theirs, and they would transport Negroes, (many of whom were large-bodied), across the seas in chains. The whole passage ends on the point that in the Last Days they will return to worship the True God. We identify the Lost Ten Tribes headed by Britain and America as Israel. If we consider Britain and North America as one Anglo-Saxon entity then the Prophecy indicates that the Lost Ten Tribes are amongst them. The British ruled India and economically they gained very much from trade with her. They ruled Egypt and controlled the Suez Canal linking the Mediterranean Sea with the East. They also controlled much of Africa. Negro Slaves in chains were sent by them, and others acting on their behalf, across the Sea to North America and to the West Indies. Isaiah (43:5-6) said that the exiles would be ingathered from the east and west, north, and south, and from the ends of the earth. Only the English-speaking nations have fulfilled these prophecies as they were written. Only they received the Promises.
# 34: Zarephath
[Obadiah 1:20]
AND THE CAPTIVITY OF THIS HOST OF THE CHILDREN OF ISRAEL SHALL POSSESS THAT OF THE CANAANITES, EVEN UNTO ZAREPHATH; AND THE CAPTIVITY OF JERUSALEM, WHICH IS IN SEPHARAD, SHALL POSSESS THE CITIES OF THE SOUTH.

             According to the Commentators, in the above verse Canaanites means Germany, Zarephath means France and Britain, Sepharad means Spain. The verse should be rendered from the Hebrew original and in accordance with the Major Commentators as the following:
[Obadiah 1:20]
AND THIS FIRST EXILE OF THE TEN TRIBES OF ISRAEL [Rashi] WHO DWELL FROM GERMANY [=CANAANITES, Iben Ezra] AND HOLLAND [Jewish sources quoted by Calvin], EVEN UNTO FRANCE [=ZAREPHATH, Rashi, Iben Ezra, Radak, Abarbanel, Daat Sofrim] AND ENGLAND [= ZAREPHATH, Abarbanel] AND THE CAPTIVITY OF THE JEWS OF JERUSALEM IN SPAIN [=SEPHARAD, Targum Yehonatan] SHALL POSSESS THE CITIES OF THE SOUTH.

             Taking the Classical Commentators as a whole we see that the Lost Ten Tribes were considered to be in the west, especially in France and Britain. According to the Geneva Bible of Calvin on Obadiah 1:20:

  By the Canaanites, the Jews mean the Dutchmen, and by Zarephath, France, and by Sepharad, Spain.

             At all events Zarephathmeant France (Rashi) and the north or France and Britain (Abarbanel) together. The verse was understood as saying that the Lost Ten tribes were in Zarephath (Rashi, Nachmanides).

In our book Ephraim and also in our Biblical Commentary on Obadiah we went  into this subject in some depth and gave some historical justifications for the identifications made.
# 35: Biblical Proof

 Alcohol Isaiah described the drunkards of Ephraim (28:1, 3). This has been explained by others as figurative and refers to Ephraim being drunk with power and success. A literal explanation, however, is also possible. The two explanations are complementary. The literal sense was apparently intended. The British, Americans, and Australians are amongst the foremost consumers of alcohol in the world both in absolute numbers and per capita consumption.

This proof may seem a little trifling at first but there is something to it. The Lost Ten Tribes especially those of Joseph will be excessive consumers of alcohol.

Jews do not drink to excess on the whole. At Jewish functions you will find wine and even vodka and whisky freely available. Drunkenness does occur but it is rare. Jews do not have the same thirst in this regard as many Gentiles do.

Moslems do not drink alcohol.

The Lost Ten Tribes must therefore be found amongst those Gentile nations that drink a lot of alcohol. When this proof is considered together with all the others and all taken as a comprehensive whole then it does say something.

 I grew up in Australia. Some of my friends had mild drinking problems. I almost had one. I would say that the source of this is lack of social priorities. Young People should be encouraged to take responsibility, get on in life, get married as soon as they can and set up a family. Youthful energy and aggression should be channeled into spiritual, positive social and intellectual activities combined with sport and exercise: Everybody according to his individual proclivities.

Consider extracts from  our past commentary on the relevant passages in Isaiah:
 [Isaiah 28:1]
 WOE TO THE CROWN OF PRIDE, TO THE DRUNKARDS OF EPHRAIM, WHOSE GLORIOUS BEAUTY IS A FADING FLOWER, WHICH ARE ON THE HEAD OF THE FAT VALLEYS OF THEM THAT ARE OVERCOME WITH WINE!

<<THE DRUNKARDS OF EPHRAIM>>: the British drink a lot, Australians drink more than anybody else except Russians, North Americans drink a lot. Jews (from Judah) are not usually great drinkers but alcohol is freely available at Jewish functions and in religious ceremonies etc. Jewish alcoholics exist but on the whole Jews have an exceptional tolerance for alcohol: Everything is relative. WINE in Biblical terms can mean any alcoholic beverage. Perhaps by DRUNKARDS drug and other addicts are included?

 Amos Chacham understands DRUNKARDS OF EPHRAIM to be also figurative and connoting drunk with richness and power. On the one hand we say that physically the Tribe of Ephraim is more amongst the British than the Americans who are more dominated by descendants of Menasseh. Even so on the other hand many from Ephraim are in America. Ephraimin Prophecy also connotes the Lost Ten Tribes in general. In this sense we can understand the rebuke directed at Ephraim to apply at least in equal measure to Israelite descendants in America.

  [Isaiah 28:2]
BEHOLD, THE LORD HATH A MIGHTY AND STRONG ONE, WHICH AS A TEMPEST OF HAIL AND A DESTROYING STORM, AS A FLOOD OF MIGHTY WATERS OVERFLOWING, SHALL CAST DOWN TO THE EARTH WITH THE HAND.

The enemy shall overcome Ephraim and cast him down like pouring rain in a thunder storm, a hurricane-like destructive wind, and an overflowing flood of waters. Ephraim shall be overcome and brought down.  
 [Isaiah 28:3]
THE CROWN OF PRIDE, THE DRUNKARDS OF EPHRAIM, SHALL BE TRODDEN UNDER FEET:

<<THE CROWN OF PRIDE, THE DRUNKARDS OF EPHRAIM>>: Physiologically alcohol reduces inhibitions and can enhance self-esteem. It enables pride to take over. In practice someone who is drunk often demeans himself and is treated with contempt by others. Nevertheless drunkenness and pride are linked and an overduly proud person can act as if he were drunk and vice-versa.  
 [Isaiah 28:4]
AND THE GLORIOUS BEAUTY, WHICH IS ON THE HEAD OF THE FAT VALLEY, SHALL BE A FADING FLOWER, AND AS THE HASTY FRUIT BEFORE THE SUMMER; WHICH WHEN HE THAT LOOKETH UPON IT SEETH, WHILE IT IS YET IN HIS HAND HE EATETH IT UP.

<<AS THE HASTY FRUIT BEFORE THE SUMMER>>: Referring to the fruit of the fig which gives forth individual first fruits that fully ripen before most of the others. These are usually purple in color and ooze with natural fruit sugar. Someone who plucks them just cannot resist swallowing them up on the spot. So too when the enemy comes he will devour the riches of Ephraim. One can picture hordes and hordes of deprived poverty-stricken foreign peoples swarming over our cities taking whatever they can like locusts. The Germans were not poverty-stricken but in Eastern Europe in the Second World War they would often take away everything they could possibly have any use of leaving the conquered peoples with less than they needed to ensure survival. The Russians in their turn in some cases acted similarly. They and most other peoples would all do the same thing to us if they only could. Let there be no delusions on that score. Even the most cultured people cannot always resist taking advantage of vulnerability in others, especially when they feel they can get away with it.

In most cases, If you run away from an aggressive dog the dog will probably run after you whereas if you stand up to it chances are it will go away or at least back off. It depends. In some exceptional cases you should run, though most times it is a mistake to do so. Even so: He who fights and runs away lives to fight another day.  
 [Isaiah 28:5]
 IN THAT DAY SHALL THE LORD OF HOSTS BE FOR A CROWN OF GLORY, AND FOR A DIADEM OF BEAUTY, UNTO THE RESIDUE OF HIS PEOPLE,

But those who remain will be saved and guided by the Almighty.  

[Isaiah 28:6
 AND FOR A SPIRIT OF JUDGMENT TO HIM THAT SITTETH IN JUDGMENT, AND FOR STRENGTH TO THEM THAT TURN THE BATTLE TO THE GATE.

Ephraim will make a comeback and drive the enemy out to the gate. Ephraim(i.e. the Tribes of Joseph or the Lost Ten Tribes in general) will also succeed out of nothing to re-institute a rule of justice and righteousness amongst those who remain of his own peoples. The course of battle will be turned around. When things look most black then we will repent and immediately things will change as we could not have thought possible. Never give up!  
 [Isaiah 28:7]
BUT THEY ALSO HAVE ERRED THROUGH WINE, AND THROUGH STRONG DRINK ARE OUT OF THE WAY; THE PRIEST ANDTHE PROPHET HAVE ERRED THROUGH STRONG DRINK, THEY ARE SWALLOWED UP OF WINE, THEY ARE OUT OF THE WAY THROUGH STRONG DRINK; THEY ERR IN VISION, THEY STUMBLE IN JUDGMENT.

Before the return even those who should lead us will be found wanting just like we are.

[Isaiah 28:8]
FOR ALL TABLES ARE FULL OF VOMIT AND FILTHINESS, SO THAT THERE IS NO PLACE CLEAN.

Throughout the Bible there is a theme that unrighteous behavior often brings its own punishment in its trail without God having to intervene.  

[Isaiah 28:9]
WHOM SHALL HE TEACH KNOWLEDGE? AND WHOM SHALL HE MAKE TO UNDERSTAND DOCTRINE? THEM THAT ARE WEANED FROM THE MILK, AND DRAWN FROM THE BREASTS.

<<WEANED FROM THE MILK>>: Instruction should be given and Leadership should be chosen from amongst those who exhibit some restraint, maturity, and self-denial when necessary.  
 [Isaiah 28:10]
 FOR PRECEPT MUST BE UPON PRECEPT, PRECEPT UPON PRECEPT; LINE UPON LINE, LINE UPON LINE; HERE A LITTLE, AND THERE A LITTLE:

Truth and instruction sometimes need to be obtained from many different sources while we weave our way through.  
 [Isaiah 28:11]
FOR WITH STAMMERING LIPS AND ANOTHER TONGUE WILL HE SPEAK TO THIS PEOPLE.

<<ANOTHER TONGUE>>: Most Israelites will not know Hebrew at that time.  

# 36 Ruled by Sons of David

The Future            

 In the future descendants of King David and of the Levites will be exceedingly numerous (33:22). The seed of Jacob will return and the seed of David will rule over them (33:26).

[Jeremiah 33:22]
AS THE HOST OF HEAVEN CANNOT BE NUMBERED, NEITHER THE SAND OF THE SEA MEASURED: SO WILL I MULTIPLY THE SEED OF DAVID MY SERVANT, AND THE LEVITES THAT MINISTER  UNTO ME.

David was promised that the Rulership over Israel (or at least part of it) would come from him.
This is what we wrote in our commentary in Jeremiah:
[Jeremiah 33:23]
 MOREOVER THE WORD OF THE LORD CAME TO JEREMIAH, SAYING,

[Jeremiah 33:24]
CONSIDEREST THOU NOT WHAT THIS PEOPLE HAVE SPOKEN, SAYING, THE TWO FAMILIES WHICH THE LORD HATH CHOSEN, HE HATH EVEN CAST THEM OFF? THUS THEY HAVE DESPISED MY  PEOPLE, THAT THEY SHOULD BE NO MORE A NATION BEFORE THEM.

[Jeremiah 33:25]
THUS SAITH THE LORD; IF MY COVENANT BE NOT WITH DAY AND NIGHT, AND IF I HAVE NOT APPOINTED THE ORDINANCES OF HEAVEN AND EARTH;

[Jeremiah 33:26]
THEN WILL I CAST AWAY THE SEED OF JACOB AND DAVID MY SERVANT, SO THAT I WILL NOT TAKE ANY OF HIS SEED TO BE RULERS OVER THE SEED OF ABRAHAM, ISAAC, AND JACOB: FOR I WILL CAUSE THEIR CAPTIVITY TO RETURN, AND HAVE MERCY ON THEM.
 Literally speaking, the promises to David and to the Levites do not necessarily mean that they will always have rulers and ministers over the Houses of Israel. Rather, the Biblical promises may be understood to state that descendants of David and Levi will always be available to fulfill their ancestral functions whenever the Promised Messianic Order shall be instituted or whenever the Children of Israel are worthy.

 Even so, it may be that many of the Rulers over the exiled Israelites and those who ministered to them in Britain, America, and elsewhere are (and were) descended from the Houses of David and Levi.

OK. The verse does not have to be taken literally in our time but rather as applicable to the future. NEVERTHELESS, the verse could best be understood to say that throughout the history of these peoples they would be ruled over by descendants of David.
This in effect is what has occurred as partially explained in our work Ephraim:

THE HOUSE OF DAVID AND THE LOST TRIBES

Jeremiah ch.33;14
 "..THE DAYS COME.THAT I WILL PERFORM THAT GOOD THING WHICH I HAVE PROMISED UNTO THE HOUSE OF ISRAEL AND TO THE HOUSE OF JUDAH. 33;15 "IN THOSE DAYS.. WILL I CAUSE THE BRANCH OF RIGHTEOUSNESS TO GROW UP INTO DAVID; AND HE SHALL EXECUTE JUDGEMENT AND RIGHTEOUSNESS IN THE LAND.   33;17 "...DAVID SHALL NEVER WANT A MAN TO SIT UPON THE THRONE OF ISRAEL.
 DAVID had numerous sons. Solomon the son of David had 300 wives and 700 concubines and children were borne to him. Most of the kings of the House of David had several children each of whom also would have raised a family of his own. It follows that numerous offspring on the male side must have belonged to the House of David. Descent through the male is what Scripture, strictly speaking, requires in order for the descendants to call themselves by the House of their (male) ancestor even though, in Jewish Law, anyone borne of a Jewish mother is considered Jewish. The House of David reigned in Judah and quite a few families amongst the present day Jews trace themselves back to David. The Jewish Biblical Commentators Rashi (10401105) and Abarbanel (1435-1508), the family of Dayan in Spain and Syria as well as the Maharal (1512-1609) and many other famous Rabbinical scholars were descended from King David. A good number of Jews should be able today to trace themselves back to King David. Apart from descendants of David who are to be found amongst the modern Jews there are others. Numerous people from the Tribe of Judah were also exiled together with the Lost Ten Tribes. The Sons of David had once been appointed as administrators over all Israel (2-Samuel 8;18). Later members of the House of David had intermarried with leaders of the Northern Kingdom and passed over to live in those areas. In this and other ways descendants of David must have penetrated the ranks of the exiled Israelites.

An Aramaic inscription mentions a "House of David" somehow in connection with Dan in the Galilee. There was a Judaean entity known as Yadi in southeast Turkey which was attached to Judah in the south, "he recovered Damascus, and Hamath, which belonged to Judah, for Israel" (2-Kings 14;28). The rulers of Yadi had Hebrew names like Gabbar, Bamah, Hayya, Saul, and maybe represented a minor branch of the House of David. Yadi disappeared together with the northern Ten Tribed Kingdom of Israel.

 Part of the Lost Ten Tribes became known as the Sakae or Scythians. The Sacae-Scythians once had an independent kingdom named "Sakastan" in eastern Iran. The ruling dynasty of Sakastan believed itself descended from King Solomon the son of David. In Iberia (Georgia in the Caucasus in southern Russia), which also belonged to the Scythians there was too, a dynasty (related to the Arsacid Kings of Parthia) that traced itself back to  David. The ruling houses (of David) of the SakaeScythians in Sakastan and Scythia were interrelated and had familial connections with the monarchs of the Guti (Goths) and Parthians and they with each other.  From these monarchic and aristocratic lines came the early kings of Scandinavia, of the Franks, and of the AngloSaxons.

Another fount of the Davidic line may have penetrated West European nobility via France! There was once a semi-autonomous Principality in Narbonne (southern France) described by Arthur J. Zuckerman (A Jewish Princedom in Feudal France, 768-900, New York, 1972). It was ruled by a Jewish Prince of the House of David whose offspring intermarried with the aristocracy and Royal Line of France and these with that of Normandy, Scotland, and England. Amongst the Welsh, Scottish, English, and other groups in Europe there were families who believed they descended from King David of Judah.

 It may be that many of the Rulers over the exiled Israelites and those who ministered to them in Britain, America, and elsewhere are (and were) descended from the House of David.

This is a proof since:
a.       The literal application of Jeremiah 33:26 is that amongst the rulers of Israel there would have to be at least some descendants of David.
b.      We have reasonable proof that amongst some of the ruling bodies of certain nations in the west there are descendants of David.
c.       If one was searching for nations descended from Israel it would be reasonable to look at those nations amongst whose ruling elites descendants of David were present.
# 37: Kings

Nations and Kings would emerge from Abraham (17:6).
[Genesis 17:6]
 AND I WILL MAKE THEE EXCEEDING FRUITFUL, AND I WILL MAKE NATIONS OF THEE, AND   KINGS SHALL COME OUT OF THEE.
Kings: Apart from the USA, Finland. France, and Switzerland most nations that contain significant numbers of Israelites have a hereditary monarch at their head: Britain, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Holland, Luxembourg all have hereditary kings or queens over them.
 [Genesis 17:7]
AND I WILL ESTABLISH MY COVENANT BETWEEN ME AND THEE AND THY SEED AFTER THEE IN THEIR GENERATIONS FOR AN EVERLASTING COVENANT, TO BE A GOD UNTO THEE, AND TO THY SEED AFTER THEE.
There is a secret here.  Even for those of us who do not consciously acknowledge God He remains with us, the covenant endures forever.

Several Kings Over Several Nations At One and the Same Time!

Sarah the wife of Abraham was blessed that she would become a mother of nations and kings of peoples would come from her (17:16, 21): This means the monarchs of several nations ruling at one and the same time, such as the monarchs of Western European countries do now.
[Genesis 17:15]
AND GOD SAID UNTO ABRAHAM, AS FOR SARAI THY WIFE, THOU SHALT NOT CALL HER NAME SARAI, BUT SARAH SHALL HER NAME BE.

[Genesis 17:16]
AND I WILL BLESS HER, AND GIVE THEE A SON ALSO OF HER: YEA, I WILL BLESS HER, AND SHE SHALL BE A MOTHER OF NATIONS; KINGS OF PEOPLE SHALL BE OF HER.

<<MOTHER OF NATIONS; KINGS OF PEOPLE>>: Several nations; the Hebrew says Kings of peoples rather than KINGS OF PEOPLE meaning that several kings over several peoples all existing at the same time and all Israelite. This ties in with what we said above about monarchies among the Israelite nations today.

Jacob was promised that a nation and a company of nations and kings would come from him (35:11).
[Genesis 35:10]
AND GOD SAID UNTO HIM, THY NAME IS JACOB: THY NAME SHALL NOT BE CALLED ANY MORE JACOB, BUT ISRAEL SHALL BE THY NAME: AND HE CALLED HIS NAME ISRAEL.

[Genesis 35:11]
AND GOD SAID UNTO HIM, I AM GOD ALMIGHTY: BE FRUITFUL AND MULTIPLY; A NATION AND A COMPANY OF NATIONS SHALL BE OF THEE, AND KINGS SHALL COME OUT OF THY LOINS.
The Israelite nations were to be ruled by kings. They were to comprise several nations and kings would reign over at least a portion of these nations.

The only group of nations in the world that are related to each other and do have monarchs reigning over most of them is that group of Western Nations that Brit-Am identifies as comprising a significant proportion of descendants of the Lost Ten tribes of Israel.
# 38 -  Many Waters
[Numbers 24:7] HE SHALL POUR THE WATER OUT OF HIS BUCKETS, AND HIS SEED SHALL BE IN MANY WATERS, AND HIS KING SHALL BE HIGHER THAN AGAG, AND HIS KINGDOM SHALL BE EXALTED.
<<POUR THE WATER OUT OF HIS BUCKETS>>:AGAG represents the most powerful ruler in the non-Israelite world. Israel will surpass his might.
Many watersin all Oceans and on every sea. A powerful world-encompassing
kingdom.
Onkelos translates this verse into Aramaic as meaning:
<<His king will be great, he will be multiplied with sons, and he will rule over mighty peoples and be more powerful than King Agag and he will take his kingdom>>.
[Onkelos was a righteous convert related to one of the Roman Emperors. He translated (after consulting with the sages) the Bible into Aramaic and his translation was sanctioned by the sages. His translation is often more like a commentary based on accepted traditions].

The descendants of Israel will be found in many waters (Numbers 24:7), i.e. abiding by different Seas and Oceans whilst remaining one coherent whole.

Peoples we identify as Israelite nations today are to be found by the Indian and Pacific Oceans (Australia, New Zealand), by the Pacific and
Atlantic Oceans (North America), by  the Atlantic and Indian Oceans (South Africa), and by the North Sea (Western Europe). No other related group of nations fulfills this criteria, at least not to such a degree.

#  39 Gomer

Descendants of the Lost Ten Tribes in the Book of Hosea are described as the sons of a loose woman called Gomer.

Gomer was also the name of a group of nations descended from Japhet who elsewhere are described as being in Europe.

Before moving to Europe Gomer son of Japhet was to be found in the Middle East. Regions attributed to Gomer son of Japhet in Midrashic and related sources are also those attributed to the Lost Ten Tribes.

The Book of Hosea indicates a union of the exiled northern Israelites with Gomer.

We may therefore assume some type of  geographical association between Gomer of Japhet and Gomer of Israel.

The name Gomer was also the name given to the Cimmerians. The Cimmerians were a people who first appeared on the fringes of the Assyrian Empire shortly after the Isrsaelites were exiled. From the Cimmerians emerged the Scythians and Goths.

The term Gomer (Gameri or Gumri in  Akkadian) also similar to how the name for Israel, <<Khumri>> could have been pronounced by the Assyrians. Khumri was the Assyrian name for Israel and cases are known where the Assyrians switched  g  for the kh sound.

Gomer was the name of a son of Japhet son of Noah. Gomer was the father of Ashkenaz, Riphat, and Togarmah. Genesis 10.  

From the union of Hosea emerge three children who are shown to represent the Lost Ten Tribes. The Prophet Hosea will be seen to symbolize God or Israel And from his union with Gomer  emerge descendants of the Lost Ten Tribes in their state of exile. This corresponds with our historical researches that show that Gomer is the Cimmerian peoples.  

 Israelites either:
1. Became identified as the Cimmerians  and company   OR at the least
2. merged with them and are to be found amongst peoples derived from Cimmerian-descended groups.

THE GENEALOGIES OF GOMER AND HIS SONS:            

 "And the sons of Gomer; Ashkenaz, and Riphah, and Togarmah" (Genesis 10;3). Gomer was identified with Afrikey and with Germamia or Germaniah (Genesis Rabah 37). Afrikey appears to have been an area in Elam near Susiana where (according to de Gobineau) the name  Afrikey  was given to a sacred region of  the Medes. Others have tried to identify Afrikey with Iberia or with Phrygia. Wherever  "AFRIKEY"   actually was, the Lost Ten Tribes of Israel were also reported to have been exiled there!             

"Germamia" or "Germaniah" may be Carmania in southwest Iran which Herodotus (1;125)  termed Germania and wherein Israelite groups for a time were to be found. Alternative identifications for "Germaniah" are "Mannae" in Armenia and Germanikey in the Bosporus area. A connection with Germany should also be considered.             

One ancient source (Targum Jerushalemi on Genesis 10) lists Afrikey, Germania, Madai, Macedonia, Bythinia, Thrace, as belonging to Gomer and the Cimmerians at a later stage did invade these regions whence they moved further westward. Ashkenaz is often identified with the Scyths.  Ashkenaz was attributed "Asia" (Genesis Rabah 37) meaning an area by Sardes in Lydia, as well possibly as a region in Cilicia, and to part of Afghanistan. The name Ashkenaz was also given (Targum Jehonathan on Ezekiel 27;23) to Haydayb (i.e. Adiabene) which in the Talmud (Yebamot 17) is equated with Habor whereto part of the Exiled Israelites were taken (2-Kings 17;6). The Targum Jerushalemi identifies Ashkenaz with the BARBARI which is an ethnic connotation for the so called "Germanic" peoples who attacked and invaded the Roman Empire ca.200-500 c.e.  Elsewhere both the Barbari and the Germans are identified with Edom. In ancient times the term BARBAR  was used synonymously with the term for Hebrew.  Adiabene, which one source ascribed to Ashkenaz, is also attributed  elsewhere (Genesis Rabah 37) to Riphah brother of Ashkenaz. Riphah is connected to the Riphaean (Ural) and/or Carpathian Mountains by some. Greek (such as Aristotle) and Roman sources applied the name Riphas or Riphai to the Alpine Mountains in Central Europe. The Targum Yehonathan placed Riphah in Parkvi which is located in the region of Areia east of the Caspian Sea. "Areia" is the Greek rendition of HARA whereto part of the Lost Ten Tribes were taken (1-Chronicles 5;26). Togarmah the brother of Ashkenaz has been identified with the region of Tilgarimu just north and northeast of Cilicia. Also in the Hara and neighboring region east of the Caspian Sea was Tukharistan and a people called Togar or Tukharian in Classical literature. These names relate to Togarmah and are connected both with the Germans and with the Turks. In this same general area were the Chumaru, the Chomari, and the Komari which names all connect with the Cimmerians and with Gomer. Later Rabbinical traditions were to link both Gomer proper and Ashkenaz with the Germans. Riphah was associated with peoples in France. Togarmah with the Turks. The Anglo-Saxons also emerged from Turkish areas in Central Asia and are associated with the Turks in Medieval Mythology. The Khazars (who were part of the Lost Ten Tribes and related to the Scots, Anglo-Saxons, Finns, and Scandinavians) also were subjected to Turkish cultural influences and have WRONGLY been attributed Turkish origins. Josephus identified Gomer with the Celtic Galatians while Josephon linked Gomer to the Franks of Western Europe. All of the above identifications have some historical pertinence. They are not intended to be all exclusive and these same sources sometimes attribute one ancestor to several people or one people to several ancestors. Sometimes the attributions refer to temporary historical situations in which the countries mentioned were conquered for a time by a small group belonging to the identified ancestor, and so on.

THE OVERALL GIST of the sources IS TO IDENTIFY GOMER AND SONS WITH PEOPLES WHO EVENTUALLY SETTLED IN CENTRAL AND WESTERN EUROPE! Since the exiled Israelites are identified with entities who in their places of exile were to combine (temporarily?) with Gomer so too must these same Israelites be sought after in those same regions towards which "Gomer" gravitated!  

[Hosea 1:4]
AND THE LORD SAID UNTO HIM, CALL HIS NAME JEZREEL; FOR YET A LITTLE WHILE, AND I WILL AVENGE THE BLOOD OF JEZREEL UPON THE HOUSE OF JEHU, AND WILL CAUSE TO CEASE THE KINGDOM OF THE  HOUSE OF ISRAEL.

Jezreel is the name of a town and a valley. It was a place of significance in Israelite history. In prophecy its significance involves the meaning of its name from the root Yezer  meaning to scatter. Jehu was an Israelite king. The name is pronounced is Yehu  or Hufor short since the Ye-component is one of the names of God. In Welsh tradition, the Welsh were known as Gomri and as Cyrmy (i.e. Cimmerians) and were led by Hu from Drephrobane opposite Byzantium across the sea to Defene in Wales. In our  book Ephraim  we have shown how these traditions coincide with Jewish traditions about the Lost Ten Tribes. This (unlike most of the other points we have raised)  is not an absolute proof but taken in context it is a legitimate indication and should be seen in both a Biblical and historical perspective.

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BIBLICAL PROOF PART ONE

 Biblical Proof Part Three